Euro Currency

Euro has emerged as the main challenger to the dominance of US Dollar over the last decade. EU has emerged as a major global political and economic power block in recent decades. The European Union consists of fifteen member countries that include the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and the United Kingdom.

Only 12 common currency countries out of these above 15 countries constitute the European Monetary Union (EMU). These 12 countries share a single monetary policy dictated by the European Central Bank (ECB). All these above countries share the common currency Euro except Denmark, Sweden and United Kingdom.

After the United States, EMU is the world’s second largest economic powerhouse. EMU has a highly developed and efficient fixed income, equity and the futures market. This makes EMU the second most attractive investment market for domestic and international investors. Many hedge funds are based in EU countries.

US assets have had solid returns historically. United States absorbs something like 70% of the total foreign savings as a result. In the past, the EMU had difficulty in attracting foreign direct investment or large capital inflows. The primary reason was the United States. The present global financial crisis has hurt the US and EU economies deeply. It is expected that a major restructuring of the global financial system will take place eventually that makes EMU far more attractive.

However, with the EMU beginning to incorporate even more members in Eastern Europe, Euro’s importance is expected to increase. Induction of new members will further increase the size of EMU. The capital flows to Europe is expected to increase as well.

EMU is in fact a trade driven and a capital flow driven economy. Trade is very important to the national economies within EMU. Demand for Euro is expected to continue rising with foreign central banks expected to diversify their Euro reserve holdings even further away from US Dollar. In fact Euro provides a hedge against US Dollar reserves. If the EUR/USD pair goes up, it means US Dollar is losing value and if it goes down, it means US Dollar is gaining strength.

EMU has significant power in the international trade arena because of the size of the EMU’s trade with the rest of the world. EU exports comprise almost 20% of the world trade. While EU accounts for only 17% of the world imports! Unlike United States, EMU does not have large trade deficit or surplus.

Both EU and the United States are two very important members of the World Trade organization (WTO). United States is the largest trading partner of EU. The formation of EU allows individual member countries to group as one entity and negotiates on an equal playing field with the United States. International clout is one of the primary reasons in the formation of EU.

Leading import sources for EU are China, Switzerland, United States, Japan and Russia. Leading export markets for EU are the United States, Japan, Poland, Switzerland and China.

Manufacturing, mining and utilities account for around 20% of the EU economy while services account for more than 70% of the EU economy. EU is primarily a service oriented economy. While outsourcing most of their manufacturing to Asia, large numbers of EU based companies concentrate their research, design, innovation and marketing part of the activity in EU.

Before Euro, most of the countries had to deal with individual national currencies with each having a different risk profile. Most international trade transactions involve the British Pound, the Japanese Yen and the US Dollar. It is important for most of the countries to hold large amounts of reserve currencies to reduce exchange rate risk and transaction costs.

In the past before the adoption of Euro as a single currency by EMU, it was necessary for many countries to hold large amounts of every individual European currency. As a result the currency reserves tended towards US Dollar. In 1990s, 65% of the global reserves were in US Dollar.

As EU becomes one of the major trading partners for most countries around the world, Euro will become more and more popular and this trend is expected to continue. With the introduction of Euro, foreign reserve assets are shifting in favor of Euro. Euro is in direct competition with the US Dollar as regards the market share is concerned.

The European Central Bank: Forex traders keenly watch the policy announcements of European Central Bank. The European Central Bank (ECB) comprises the Executive Board and a Governing Council. The Executive Board implements the policies made by the Governing Council. The Executive Board of ECB comprises the president, the vice president and four other members. These individuals along with the governors of the member national banks comprise the Governing Council. ECB is the governing body that determines the monetary policy for the EMU countries.

The policy meetings are biweekly. Although ECB meets biweekly and has the power to change the monetary policy in any of these meeting, it is only expected to do so where an official press conference is scheduled afterwards. New monetary policy decisions are usually taken by a majority vote. The president has the deciding vote in the event of a tie. These policy meeting are very important to watch for professional currency traders as most of the decisions announced in these meetings impact the Euro.

ECB heavily depends on the individual central banks in the implementation of its policies. ECB has a strict mandate based on inflation and deficit. ECB tries to keep the Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) below 2% and M3 (money supply) annual growth below 4.5%. So, the EMU’s primary objective is price stability and growth.

ECB is supposed to coordinate its policy decisions with the respective central banks. You should understand that the ECB and the European System of Central Banks (ESCB) are independent institutions from both national governments and other EU institutions. This operational independence is granted to them as per Article 108 of the Maastricht Treaty. Without this independence, meaningful monetary policy is out of question.

There are many factors that have to be taken into consideration while setting the targets for inflation and growth. There was EMU criteria that were used as a precondition for any EU member state joining the EMU. How ECB achieves its policy targets of price stability and growth? The primary tools the ECB uses to control monetary policy are the Open Market Operations. ECB has at is disposal four categories of open market operations that it can use to manage interest rates, control liquidity and signal monetary policy stance.

Bulk of refinancing for the financial sector is done through these main refinancing operations. These refinancing operations are conducted weekly with a maturity of two weeks. These operations are regular liquidity providing reverse transactions.

In order to smooth the effects on interest rates caused by unexpected liquidity fluctuations, fine tuning operations are executed on an ad hoc basis with the aim of both managing the liquidity situation in the market and steering interest rates. Longer term refinancing operations are liquidity providing reverse transactions with a monthly frequency and a maturity of three months. These operations provide counterparties with additional long term liquidity.

Structural operations involve the issuance of debt certificates, reverse transactions and outright transactions. ECB uses these operations to adjust the structural position of the Eurosystem vis-à-vis the financial sector. The ECB minimum bid rate is the key policy target for the ECB. It is the level of borrowing that ECB offers to the central banks of its member states.

If it believes that inflation is of concern, ECB is not constrained from intervening in the forex markets. Therefore, ECB does not usually have the exchange rate target but can factor in exchange rates in its policy deliberations as exchange rate impacts price stability.

As a forex trader you should always watch the news especially if you are trading Euro cross then any news or announcement relating to ECB. ECB publishes monthly bulletin detailing analysis of economic conditions. This bulletin can give important signals to changes in the monetary policy. Forex market participants widely watch the comments by the members of the Governing Council of ECB. These comments frequently tend to move the Euro.

Euro has become the second major global currency. All major euro crosses are highly liquid and heavily traded. Now EUR/USD cross is the most liquid currency. The movements of EUR/USD currency pair are used as the primary gauge to judge the health of both European and the United States health. Since it is the US Dollar fundamentals that have dictated the movements in the EUR/USD pair from 2003-2008, Euro is also known as the anti-dollar.

As they have tight spreads, make orderly moves and rarely gap, EUR/USD and EUR/GBP are great trading currencies. EUR/JPY and EUR/CHF are very liquid pairs too and are used to judge the health of the Japanese and Swiss economies. Always remember to understand and study each currency pair in detail. Each currency pair has a unique behavior that you need to understand before you plan to trade that pair.

Euro is still a new currency. It was launched in 1999. Euro has unique risks. There are number of risks unique to the Euro. The most important is the exposure to the economic, political and social development of 15 member countries in the EU.

It could affect the stability of the entire region although more countries are expected to join EMU if a member country drops Euro and reverts back to its original national currency because it believes that ECB actions are not in its best interests.

ECB has the power to determine monetary policy for its 15 member countries. With that comes the political pressure of 15 governments. Making monetary policy is a challenging task to do for one country what to talk of a group of 15 countries. This political pressure frequently tests the actions of ECB. We can say Euro is a currency without a country.

The present global financial crisis is unlike any in the past. It is deep and may continue for some more years. It started from the sub-prime markets in the US and then spread to the rest of the world. Many big banks became the victims of this financial crisis. However, the rapid response of ECB to the present global financial crisis in the shape of deep liquidity injections has transformed its reputation. The spread between 10 year US Treasuries and 10 year bunds can indicate Euro sentiment.

As a forex trader you should know one important interest rate. It is the Euro Interbank Offer Rate (Euribor). This is the rate offered from one large bank to another on interbank term deposits. Traders and investors tend to compare the Euribor futures rate with the Eurodollars futures rate.

Lower spreads between these two interest rates make the European assets less attractive. Higher spreads between the two rates makes the European fixed income assets more attractive. Merger and Acquisition activities between US and European multinationals have important implications for EUR/USD pair. Large deals have often significant short term impact on EUR/USD if in cash.

The largest countries in EMU are Germany, France and Italy. Study of the economic data of these three large countries is also important in determining the market bias for Euro. Important indicators for Euro are Harmonized Index of Consumer prices (HICP), M3, German Unemployment, Preliminary GDP that includes France, Germany and Netherlands, German Industrial Production, Individual country budget deficit.